Primary flight control systems

Contents

2.1 Introduction

2.2 System of controls

2.3 Flight surfaces

2.4 Lateral control system

2.5 Longitudinal control system
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2.1 INTRODUCTION

Flight controlling surfaces, and cockpit controls and their basic classifications/groups were introduced in topic 1. Subsequent elaboration of the flight controls will be illustrated in subsequent topic.

This week elaborates the primary flight control systems. .

2.2 SYSTEM OF CONTROLS

The system of control is the same in each case, i.e. if the control surface is moved it will, in effect, alter the angle of attack and the camber of the complete surface, and therefore change the force upon it (see Figure 2.1).

The control surfaces are connected to controls in the pilot’s cockpit. The elevators and ailerons are both moved by a single column on a universal joint (or by a wheel or handle-bars) and the rudder by a rudder bar (or pedals). The control is instinctive, i.e. a forward movement of the control column depresses the elevators, increases the lift on the tail, and so causes the nose of the aeroplane to drop. If the control column is pushed to the left, the right-hand aileron will be depressed and the right-hand wing lifted, while, at the same time, the left-hand aileron will be raised and the left-hand wing will drop; thus the whole aeroplane will bank to the left. The forward and side.-ways movement of the control column can be carried out simultaneously,

causing both the nose and the left wing to be depressed. In many modern aeroplanes the control column can only move in a fore-and-aft direction, lateral control being provided by a wheel similar to the steering wheel of a motor-car; an anti-clockwise rotation of the wheel will cause the left wing to drop. As an alternative to the wheel there may be some form of “spectacles,” or “handle-bars,” i.e. a horizontal bar fitted to the top of the control column, with a hand grip at each end so that it can be tilted to right or left; this is really a variation of the wheel system, the principle being exactly the same. In the case of the rudder, if the right foot is pressed forward the rear of the rudder will be moved to the right (called “right rudder”) and the aeroplane will turn to the right. Some pilots claim that the rudder control is not instinctive, and it certainly does not correspond to the steering, say, of a bicycle.

In each instance it will be noticed that the control surfaces are placed as far as possible away from the centre of gravity so as to provide sufficient leverage to alter the position of the aeroplane.

2.3 FLIGHT SURFACES

As discussed earlier, there are primary, secondary and auxiliary groups of flight surfaces. These are shown in a modern aircraft in Figure 2.2.

Ailerons, elevators and rudders are the primary groups of flight control surfaces. They are made to deflect for controlling the aircraft about three major axes of the aircraft. These involve three major movements of the aircraft about the major axes, as discussed in earlier week. There are three cockpit controls for these three primary flight control surfaces. These controls are ‘instinctive’ as already mentioned.

In piloting, are there strength or height requirements that women must meet?

In the early days of hiring women airline pilots, there were many tests that we had to submit to including strength tests. There was also a minimum height for pilots at most airlines. These requirements have mainly fallen by the wayside. The only requirement is that a prospective pilot can fly the simulator provided during the interview process, without undue problems due to height or strength (i.e. she can reach the rudder pedals and see over the dash, and she can control an airplane that has lost it’s hydraulic systems used to facilitate flying).

1.2 million pilots, technicians need in next 20 years, Strongest demand in the Asia Pacific region

Released a new forecast showing continued strong demand for commercial airline pilots and maintenance technicians as the world’s airlines add 38,000 airplanes to the global fleet over the next 20 years.

Boeing’s 2015 Pilot and Technician Outlook projects that between 2015 and 2034, the world will require 558,000 new commercial airline pilots and 609,000 new commercial airline maintenance technicians.

“To help address this need, Boeing trained last year a record number of pilots and technicians at 17 training campuses around the globe and has invested in a comprehensive Pilot Development Program to train early stage pilots to become qualified commercial airline pilots,” said Sherry Carbary, vice president, Boeing Flight Services. “We will continue to increase the amount of training we provide, enabling our customers to satisfy the world’s growing appetite for air travel.”

“The challenge of meeting the global demand for airline professionals will not be solved by one company alone,” Carbary added. “Aircraft manufacturers, airlines, training equipment manufacturers, training delivery organizations, regulatory agencies and educational institutions are all stepping up to meet the increasing need to train and certify pilots and technicians.”

Boeing’s 2015 Outlook projects continued increases in pilot demand, up more than 4 percent compared to the 2014 Outlook. For maintenance technicians, demand increased approximately 5 percent.

Overall global demand for these skilled resources will be driven by continued economic expansion, resulting in an average requirement for about 28,000 new pilots and more than 30,000 new technicians every year.

The 20-year projected demand for new pilots and technicians by region is:

• Asia Pacific – 226,000 pilots and 238,000 technicians
• Europe – 95,000 pilots and 101,000 technicians
• North America – 95,000 pilots and 113,000 technicians
• Latin America – 47,000 pilots and 47,000 technicians
• Middle East – 60,000 pilots and 66,000 technicians
• Africa – 18,000 pilots and 22,000 technicians
• Russia / CIS – 17,000 pilots and 22,000 technicians

The Pilot and Technician Outlook is Boeing’s long-term forecast of the demand for pilots and technicians and its estimate of personnel needed to fly and maintain the tens of thousands of new commercial jetliners expected to be produced over the next 20 years. The forecast is published annually to factor in changing market forces affecting the industry. Boeing shares the outlook with the public to inform airlines, suppliers and the financial community of trends in the industry.

Source:boeing.mediaroom.com

05 Most Attractive Airlines Stewardess

5. Cathay Pacific

Cathay Pacific is considered as one of the best airlines in Asia, because of it’s excellent service and numerous accolades. This Hong Kong-based airline has sharp, subtly sexy female flight attendants. And red all over, Cathay Pacific has also boasts one of the prettiest flight attendants in the industry. Instead of hiring professional models, Cathay opted to showcase their stewardesses on the catwalk. Also, the company stress service as the top quality to their stewardess candidates.

4. Kingfisher Airlines

India’s favourite airline, for obvious reasons! One most common, The airline has world’s hottest flight attendants. The air hostesses’ uniform in Kingfisher Airlines is quite similar to Air Asia, it could be the color pattern and the cutting looks nearly the same. But both are looking nice and pretty.

3. Aeroflot Air

With the distinctive red uniform, the Aeroflot Airlines stewardess hold the 3rd place in our list of most attractive airline stewardess. The Russians may not generally be thought of highly in the fashion stakes but the crisp caps and jauntily angled neck ties of Aeroflot’s stewardesses struck a chord with passengers who have rated the airline the world’s most stylish in a survey for the flight booking website Skyscanner.

2. Singapore Airlines

Singapore Airlines flight attendant not only attractive, but they are also friendly. Dressed in the distinctive “Sarong Kebaya” they looks glamorous without trying too hard. Despite being most attractive Airlines stewardess, Singapore Girls recognized for their hospitality and best cabin service. Their hospitality and cabin service has been recognised with awards from magazines, travel and tourism industries, including the ‘World’s Best Cabin Crew Service’ by the Business Traveller Asia-Pacific Awards for 17 consecutive years.

1. Air France

Terribly uncomfortable economy seats, but oh so dreamy flight attendants. Airline Air France , will make you feel short trip accompanied by a stylish tub mannequin stewardess uniforms designed by the renowned designer, Christian Lacroix.

What makes them especially hot? They could very well follow the French ideal of passion over happiness. Just do not expect a kiss French service, the flight attendants would never confuse business with ‘pleasure’.